[Also Published in Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences. 2004,46: 137-153 And Lung India 2004,21:11-26.]
 
Preface
Introduction
Epidemilogy & Risk Factors
Pathogenesis & Pathophysiology
How to diagnose COPD?
Investigations
Treatment of patient with stable COPD
Management of acute exacerbations
Progression and Prognosis
COPD Algorithm
References
Tables
List of participants
Consultants & Reviewers
Rapporteurs
 
 
 
References                                                                                                                                         Back

  1. American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152(5 Pt 2):S77-S121.

  2. British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1997;52(Suppl 5): S1-S28.

  3. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease. NHLBI/WHO workshop report. Bethesda, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. 2001; NIH Publication No. 2701:1-100.

  4. Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB, Paoletti P, Gibson J, Howard P, et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force. Eur Respir J 1995;8:1398-1420.

  5. Jindal SK,Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. A review of population studies from India to estimate national burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its association with smoking. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci.2001;43:139-147.

  6. Wig KL, Guleria JS, Bhasin RC, Holmes E (Jr), Vasudeva YL, Singh H. Certain clinical and epidemiological patterns of chronic obstructive lung disease as seen in Northern India. Indian J Chest Dis 1964;6:183-94.

  7. Sikand BK, Pamra SP, Mathur GP. Chronic bronchitis in Delhi as revealed by mass survey. Indian J Tuberc 1966;13:94-101.

  8. Viswanathan R. Epidemiology of chronic bronchitis: Morbidity survey in Patna urban area. Indian J Med Res 1966;54:105-11.

  9. Bhattacharya SN, Bhatnagar JK, Kumar S, Jain PC. Chronic bronchitis in rural population. Indian J Chest Dis 1975;17:1-7.

  10. Radha TG, Gupta GK, Singh A, Mathur N. Chronic bronchitis in an urban locality of New Delhi: An epidemiological survey. Indian J Med Res 1977;66:273-95.

  11. Thiruvengadam KV, Raghva TP, Bhardwaj KV. Survey of prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Madras city. In: Viswanathan R, Jaggi OP, ed. Advances in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Delhi: Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India. 1977:59-69.

  12. Vishwanathan R, Singh K.Chronic bronchitis and asthma in urban and rural Delhi. In: Viswanathan R, Jaggi OP, ed. Advances in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Delhi: Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India. 1977:44-58.

  13. Charan NB. Chronic bronchitis in North India, Punjab. In: Viswanathan R, Jaggi OP, ed. Advances in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Delhi: Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India. 1977:92-102.

  14. Malik SK. Profile of chronic bronchitis in North India: The PGI experience (1972-1985). Lung India 1986;4:89-100.

  15. Jindal SK. A field study on follow up at 10 years of prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and peak expiratory flow rate. Indian J Med Res (B) 1993;98:20-26.

  16. Ray D, Abel R, Selvaraj KG. A 5-year prospective epidemiological study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural South India. Indian J Med Res 1995;101:238-44.

  17. US Surgeon General. The health consequences of smoking. Chronic obstructive lung disease. US Department of Health and Human Resources. Publ No. 84-50205. Washington, DC. 1984.

  18. Khan MM, Tandon SN, Khan MT, Pandey US, Idris MZ. A comparative study of effects of cigarette and bidi smoking on respiratory function tests. J Environ Biol 2002;23:89-93.

  19. Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJ. Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of adults. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002;28 Suppl 2:52-70.

  20. Smith KR. National burden of disease in India from domestic air pollution. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000;24:13286-13293.

  21. Pandey MR. Domestic smoke pollution and chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the Hill Region of Nepal. Thorax 1984;39:337-339.

  22. Behera D, Jindal SK. Respiratory symptoms in Indian women using domestic cooking fuels. Chest 1991;100:385-388.

  23. Perez-Padilla R, Regalado U, Vedal S, et al. Exposure to biomass smoke and chronic airway disease in Mexican women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:701-706.

  24. Becklake MR. Occupational exposures: evidence for a causal association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Sep;140(3 Pt 2):S85-S91.

  25. Oxman AD, Muir DC, Shannon HS, Stock SR, Hnizdo E, Lange HJ. Occupational dust exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic overview of the evidence. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:38-48.

  26. Sunyer J. Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review. Eur Respir J 2001;17:1024-1033.

  27. Karakatsani A, Andreadaki S, Katsouyanni K, Dimitroulis I, Trichopoulos D, Benetou V, et al. Air pollution in relation to manifestations of chronic pulmonary disease: a nested case-control study in Athens, Greece. Eur J Epidemiol 2003;18:45-53.

  28. Tashkin DP, Detels R, Simmons M, Liu H, Coulsen AH, Sayre J, et al. The UCLA population study of chronic obstructive respiratory disease: impact of air pollution and smoking on annual change in FEV1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1209-1217.

  29. Laurell CB, Eriksson S. The electrophoretic alpha-1 globulin pattern of serum in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1963;15:132-140.

  30. Dekhuijzen PN, Aben KK, Dekker I, Aarts LP, Wielders PL, van Herwaarden CL, et al. Increased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:813-816.

  31. Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:341-357.

  32. Georgopoulos D, Anthonisen NR. Symptoms and signs of COPD. In: Cherniack NS, ed. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Toronto: WB Saunders; 1991. p. 357-363.

  33. Medical Research Council. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Council by their committee on the aetiology of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1965:1:775-780.

  34. Badgett RG, Tanaka DJ, Hunt DK, Jelley MJ, Feinberg LE, Steiner JF, et al. Can moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be diagnosed by historical and physical findings alone? Am J Med 1993;94:188-196.

  35. Campbell EJ. Physical signs of diffuse airways obstruction and lung distention. Thorax 1969;24:1-3.

  36. Lal S, Ferguson AD, Campbell EJM. Forced expiratory time: a simple test for airways obstruction. Br Med J 1964;1:814-817.

  37. Weir DC, Gove RI, Robertson AS, Burge PS. Corticosteroid trials in non-asthmatic airflow obstruction: comparison of oral prednisolone and inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Thorax 1990;45:112-117.

  38. Butland RJ, Pang J, Gross ER, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM. Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. Br Med J 1982;284:1607-1608.

  39. Gerald LB, Sanderson B, Redden D, Bailey WC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage and 6-minute walk outcome.J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2001;21:296-299.

  40. Kelly CA, Gibson GJ. Relation between FEV1 and peak expiratory flow in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1988; 43:335-336.

  41. The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel Staff and Consortium Representatives. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence. JAMA 2000;28:3244-3254.

  42. Nishimura K, Tsukino M. Clinical course and prognosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000;6:127-132.

  43. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994;272:1497-1505.

  44. Tashkin D, Kanner R, Bailey W, Buist S, Anderson P, Nides M, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1571-1575.

  45. Manning HL.Bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000;6:99-103.

  46. Shim CS, Williams MH. Bronchodilator response to oral aminophylline and terbutaline versus aerosol albuterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1983;75:697-701.

  47. Ram FSF, Sestini P.Regular inhaled short acting ß2 agonists for the management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2003;58:580-584.

  48. O’Driscoll BR, Kay EA,Taylor RJ, Weatherby H, Chetty MCP, Bernstein A. A long term prospective assessment of home nebulizer treatment. Respir Med 1992;86:317.

  49. British Thoracic Society Nebulizer Project Group. Nebulizer therapy. Guidelines. Thorax. 1997;52 Suppl 2:S4-S24.

  50. Boe J, Dennis JH, O'Driscoll BR, Bauer TT, Carone M, Dautzenberg B, et al. European Respiratory Society Guidelines on the use of nebulizers. Eur Respir J 2001; 18:228-242.

  51. Dahl R, Greefhorst LA, Nowak D, Nonikov V, Byrne AM, Thomson MH, et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:778-84.

  52. Vincken W, van Noord JA, Greefhorst AP, Bantje TA, Kesten S, Korducki L, et al. Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J 2002;19:209-216.

  53. van Noord JA, Bantje TA, Eland ME, Korducki L, Cornelissen PJ. A randomised controlled comparison of tiotropium and ipratropium in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Dutch Tiotropium Study Group. Thorax 2000,55:289-294.

  54. Combivent Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. Chest 1994:105:1411-1419.

  55. Weinberger M, Hendeles L. Slow release theophylline. Rationale and basis for product selection. New Engl J Med 1983;308:760-764.

  56. ZuWallack RL, Mahler DA, Reilly D, Church N, Emmett A, Rickard K, et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD. Chest 2001;119:1661-70.

  57. Bellia V, Foresi A, Bianco S, Grassi V, Olivieri D, Bensi G, et al. Efficacy and safety of oxitropium bromide, theophylline and their combination in COPD patients: a double-blind, randomized, multicentre study (BREATH Trial). Respir Med 2002;96:881-889.

  58. Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA, Schouten JP, Postma DS, Pride NB, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1948-53.

  59. Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, Brix A, Torre P, Viskum K. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353:1819-23.

  60. Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, Spencer S, Anderson JA, Maslen TK. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000; 320:1297-303.

  61. The Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Lung Health Study II. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1902-1909.

  62. Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, Jones P, Pride N, Gulsvik A, et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:449-456.

  63. Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, Menga G, Sansores R, Nahabedian S, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003;21:74-81.

  64. Jones PW, Willits LR, Burge PS, Calverley PM. Disease severity and the effect of fluticasone propionate on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:68-73.

  65. Mahler DA, Wire P, Horstman D, Chang CN, Yates J, Fischer T, et al. Effectiveness of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination delivered via the Diskus device in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1084-1091.

  66. Johnston RN, McNeill RS, Smith DH, Dempster MB, Nairn JR, Purvis MS, et al. Five-year winter chemoprophylaxis for chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1969;4:265-269.

  67. Poole PJ, Black PN. Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001287.

  68. Wilson DO, Rogers SM, Sanders MH, Pennock BE, Reilly JJ. Nutritional intervention in malnourished patients with emphysema. Am Rev Rspir Dis 1986;134:672-677.

  69. Schols AMWJ. Nutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000;6:110-115.

  70. Williams JH Jr., Moser KM. Pneumococcal vaccine and patients with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:106-109.

  71. Collet JP, Shapiro P, Ernst P, Renzi T, Ducruet T, Robinson A. Effects of an immunostimulating agent on acute exacerbations and hospitalizations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1719-1724.

  72. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Subcommittee on Pulmonary Rehabilitation.Pulmonary rehabilitation.Thorax 2001; 56: 827-834.

  73. Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest 2000, 117:398S-401S.

  74. Wilson R. The role of infection in COPD. Chest 1998;113:242S-248S.

  75. Anderson HR, Spix C, Medina S, Schouten JP, Castellsague J, Rossi G, et al. Air pollution and daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 6 European cities: results from the APHEA project. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:1064-1071.

  76. White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA .The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2003;58:73-80.

  77. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, Hershfield ES, Harding GK, Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:196-204.

  78. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1995;273:957-960.

  79. Niederman MS. Antibiotic therapies of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Semin Respir Infect 2000;15:59-70.

  80. Thompson WH, Nielson CP, Carvalho P, Charan NB, Crowley JJ. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:407-412.

  81. Davies L, Angus RM, Calverley PM. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 354:456-460.

  82. Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, Collins D, Gross NJ, Light RW, et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1941-1947.

  83. Dunn WF, Nelson SB, Hubmayr RD. Oxygen induced hypercarbia in obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:526–530.

  84. Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ 1977;1:1645-1648.

  85. Nishimura K, Tsukino M. Clinical course and prognosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000;6:127-132.

Back


 

Copyright © 2003 Prof. S.K.Jindal, Head, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh. All rights reserved.